Economic Valuation of Sentul Chicken in the Framework of Providing Incentives and Sustainability of Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) in Ciamis District, West Java

. The purpose of this study was to examine the economic valuation of Sentul chicken to determine the amount of incentive farmers should receive. A survey method has been conducted as the research methodology. The research location was determined purposively, namely in accordance with the research objectives, on the basis of several considerations, the location where the research was located was the Sentul chicken development center where there were active farmer groups. A total of 39 farmers who had a minimum of 100 Sentul chickens/year were censused to become respondents. Data collection was carried out in May - August 2022. The data were analyzed by the contingent valuation method (CVM) using the willingness to accept (WTA) approach in the bidding game. The WTA value sought is the Total WTA (TWTA) and Mean WTA (EWTA) which are converted into incentive values for farmers. Multiple regression analysis has been applied to investigate any significant factors that affected the WTA value. The study results show an estimated total WTA value of IDR 191,220,000 per year and an estimated WTA value of IDR 178,974.36 per chicken per year. Education, experience, land area, income, livestock orientation, and pride are WTA factors that impact farmers, as income (0,024) and pride (0,000) become the most influential factors. Efforts to conserve Sentul chickens can be realized using the incentives indicated by a high WTA value. Therefore, policy makers can conserve Sentul chickens using an incentive approach


Introduction
Indonesia has a diverse range of animal genetic resources, including local chicken.A study shows Indonesia is one of the countries with the most domesticated animals which reported by Bekisar, Gaga', Pelung, Kukuak and others (Ulfah et al., 2015).Local chicken is a livestock commodity that plays an economic and social role, particularly for people in rural areas, and is a component of National Biological Genetic Resources.Although exotic breed chickens are becoming more prevalent, local chickens are still reserved because they have advantages over exotic breed chickens, such as very distinct meat and eggs and market prices that are more stable.
Sentul, Kedu, Nunukan, Pelung, and Merawang are local chicken breeds in Indonesia.Sentul chicken is a type of local chicken in West Java province that originated in the Ciamis district.According to Ciamis District Livestock Service Office (2022) the Sentul chicken population in 2019 was 105,242 chickens, 105,032 chickens in 2020, and 107,447 chickens in 2021.It tends to be stagnant and is expected to decline in 2020.Asmara (2014) confirms that Sentul chickens are at a higher risk of extinction than Kedu and Pelung chickens.Sentul chicken populations are declining and tend to stagnate, entailing conservation efforts to maximize the benefits of their genetic potential.
Considering its stagnant existence, the government, institutions, and related communities must pay attention.Without awareness and sustainable management, the existence of local chickens can be threatened, resulting in a decrease in population/breed numbers and even extinction (Kurnianto, 2017).The preservation of genetic resources is carried out by focusing on biological factors in livestock and the economic benefits of chicken farmers.The economic approach to the preservation and sustainability of Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) is very effective because it will be easy to obtain public and government support.Conservation must assess commodities' economic contribution to farmers by using economic valuations to provide incentives to individuals or groups.Incentives are given based on economic valuation, which will later encourage chicken farmers to continue raising local chickens.It agrees with Mendes (2012), who states that alternative approaches to conservation through the provision of incentives or economic stimulus are very important for sustainable development.
The researchers used the Willingness to Accept (WTA) approach with the Contingent Value Method (CVM) to determine the incentive amount for preserving Sentul chicken following the background of the problems raised.The WTA approach was chosen because there is compensation for farmers participating in the Sentul chicken conservation program in Ciamis District.WTA is used to find out how much the minimum amount that farmers are willing to accept so that they are still willing to continue their business, farmers have a minimum WTA to continue making profits, and this minimum limit can be used as a reference for their reasons or choices in making decisions.Some factors influence the WTA value to preserve the Sentul chicken.These factors are social-economic status, capital capacity, and farmers' aims and objectives.

Materials and Methods
Direct interviews with respondents using a questionnaire were used to collect data.Respondents were gathered through a census of chicken farmers in the Ciamis district Area who were members of farmer groups.The census revealed 39 respondents who encountered the criteria of owning or keeping at least 100 Sentul chickens per year.The data was collected between May and July of 2022.
Data obtained from interviews were analyzed using the descriptive, contingent valuation, and multiple regression analysis.(Ramanathan, 2002).The WTA value for every chicken farmer is different.It is influenced by a variety of factors.In this study, the following formula was used to determine the effect of these factors:

Socio-economic Conditions of Sentul Farmers
The socio-economic conditions of chicken farmers in this study consist of education, experience, land area, income, farming orientation, and pride.
Based on Table 1, the education level of chicken farmers in this research location can be categorized as middle level.Based on this, they are more adaptive to accept developed innovations.For example, they already understand the research objectives by answering questionnaires about giving incentives.Chicken farmers with a high level of education will find it simple to implement good husbandry practices.The younger the farmers are, the more eager they are to learn new things, and as a result, they will try to accelerate the proper treatment of development programs.According to the percentage of age in this study, they were still classified as productive age, indicating that interest in raising Sentul chickens remained high (Aini et al., 2018;Akimi and Ariadi, 2018).According to Nurdayati et al. (2021), increasing the farmer age resulted in a 3.4% decrease in farming motivation, a very small percentage, implying that increasing the farmer age resulted in a decrease in passion.
Members of farmer groups in Ciamis Regency raise livestock for one to twelve years.Table 1 shows the average is 4.6 years of experience.In this research location, the chicken farmers had not started the livestock business when they joined the group.Farming chicken experience is important in determining success and improving livestock business development.This is in accordance with the opinion of Makatita and Isbandi (2014) that the longer a person's experience in raising livestock, the more knowledge will be obtained so that they can determine the mindset in making decisions.Table 1 shows that the most of farmers have land area <350m2.Having enough livestock property land is essential for chicken farmers in managing their business as it stimulates them to be more creative.Land area is one of the production factors that is used to earn good quality farm and livestock.It contributes a lot to livestock farming as they are considered the result which depends on how large the land area is used (Arimbawa and Widanta, 2017).
Income is the amount of money received by an individual in return and is very beneficial for daily life directly and indirectly (Hutabarat et al., 2021).The chicken farmer's income is obtained from the reduction between revenue and production costs among DOC, feed, vaccine, workers, transportation, and electricity.Most of the income is from live chickens weighing 0.8 -1.2 kg, DOC, and egg sales profit.The respondents' annual income ranges from IDR 755,700 to IDR 133,169,714, with an average of IDR 15,833,396.The income of Sentul chicken farmers in Ciamis Regency is mostly IDR.5,000,000 -IDR.25,000,000.This income is classified as low because the Sentul chicken business is only used as a side business; out of 39 farmers, only ten make Sentul chicken their main business.This is in accordance with the opinion of Eko et al. (2014) that the Sentul chicken farming business is used as a side business by breeders, or breeders are not serious about running the Sentul chicken business.The result shows that the average farming orientation is 3.72.It indicates that most Sentul chicken farmers have begun to consider income and the sustainability of their businesses.
In this table 1, it can be seen that most of the Sentul chicken farmers are passionate in preserving as it has 38,5%, following by income with 30,8%, following associate friends with 12,8%, hobby has 10,3% and the last is savings which has 7,7%.This indicates that the majority of Sentul chicken farmers have begun to consider income and the sustainability of their business.Sentul chicken has a wide variety of farming orientation but it is integrated in a livestock group organization.The function of the livestock group is to provide a learning and teaching environment for its members.Learning in the group is aimed at increasing the knowledge, abilities, and attitudes of business actors while at the same time encouraging more unified collaboration.On the other hand, the existence of livestock groups is an effort to increase productivity and develop their ability to overcome the dangers, difficulties, obstacles, and disturbances they face when running their livestock business (Alkadafi, 2014;Dewi and Rahmani, 2022) Several questions and stories were translated into numbers to produce these results.The average value of pride is 3-3.5, it indicates with various existing constraints, farmers in the Ciamis district can be proud of raising Sentul chickens.The chicken farmers' pride in Sentul chicken is a great way to secure the Indonesian chicken breed population.It will continue to grow and increase if farmers have pride in Sentul chicken.

Willingness to Accept (WTA)
The calculation of the WTA Bid value is carried out in 2 stages.The first one is to analyze the maintenance production costs for raising and breeding livestock, including buying DOC, buying feed, buying breeding stock, transportation, and electricity costs in IDR/unit/year units.The second one sets the bid class from minimum production cost to maximum production cost.This method obtained a first bid value is IDR 30,000/unit/year, second bid IDR 100,000/unit/year, third bid IDR 170,000/unit/year, fourth bid IDR 240,000/unit/ year, fifth bid IDR 310,000/unit/year.
The WTA value demanded by breeders is relatively high.Determining the size of WTA selection based on individual farmers.It agrees with Fu et al., (2022), who state that farmers can decide which WTA to choose in pricing for profit.The determination of WTA will depend on the farmer's condition, the financing of livestock production facilities issued by the farmer will determine the value of WTA, and the determination of WTA aims to cover production costs incurred.This result shows that if the WTA value's high, all farmers must be stimulated to raise Sentul chickens.The total WTA value is obtained from the multiplication between the requested WTA value with the total Sentul chicken population raised for breeding purposes.The total WTA (Table 2) is IDR 191,220,000 per year, demonstrating that if the government, as a policymaker, desires to conserve Sentul chickens through the program offered by researchers, they must pay an incentive fee of IDR 191,220,000 per year or IDR 4,903,077 per farmer per year.It agrees with Lindhjem et al., (2014), who state that the WTA value is used to estimate conservation costs.In addition, this value can also be used to measure the benefits produced (Cicia et al., 2003).Huang et al. (2019) argue that the CVM method with the WTA approach is the only option for obtaining non-use values and using values directly.
The minimum WTA in this research is IDR 4,903,077, this value.These incentives are expected to increase the productivity and motivation of farmers to continue raising Sentul chickens in a sustainable business.Incentives in the form of money are also expected to meet the daily needs of farmers, so they can focus on raising Sentul chickens.Incentives in the form of money are also expected to meet the daily needs of farmers, so they can focus on raising Sentul chickens.In addition to the necessities of daily living, incentives can also be an added value for production costs such as hatching machine tools, buying feed, buying DOC, and adding breeding stock.
According to the result, the average WTA requested by Sentul chicken farmers is IDR 178,974.39 per chicken per year, and the mean production cost is 105,605.037.This production cost is obtained from analyzing the production costs of raising livestock and breeding, including buying DOC, buying feed, buying breeding stock, transportation, and electricity costs in IDR/unit/year units.
According to Table 3, the annual difference between production costs and the average WTA is IDR 73,369 per chicken.The difference is significantly reaching 59% due to the increased number of bids requested by the chicken farmers.Farmers choose a high offer based on rising production costs, particularly for feed concentrates, corn, and bran.Feed is the most expensive component of chicken farming production costs.Tumion et al. (2017) state that feeds costs can account for up to 77% of total production costs.

Analysis of Factors Affecting WTA
In this study, WTA becomes the dependent variable influenced by six independent variables: education, experience, land area, income, farming orientation, and pride.Table 3 shows R2 values as the interplay between dependent and independent variables reach 65.9 percent, without including other factors that are not independent variables.The significance value of the formula is at the 0.00 level or the value of α<0.05.There are six factors that influence WTA: education, experience, land area, income, farming orientation, and pride.The data from table 4 conducts every independent variable has a VIF value < 10, meaning that it is not indicated as a multicollinearity; in this case, it is not related between two or more variables.Income (0.024) and pride (0.000) are significantly influenced factors.
There is a symbol (-) in the income variable, which means that with each increase in farmer income, the value of the WTA requested decreases and vice versa.From the data shown, every farmer with a low-income value requires high expenses to meet the needs of livestock and daily life.According to (Priyambodo et al., 2016), lowincome farmers will demand a higher offer to cover living expenses and production costs.
The pride factor is denoted by the symbol (-), which means that for every increase in the value of farmer pride of Sentul chickens, the WTA value requested is reduced, and vice versa.Chicken farmers with an excellent sense of pride will make concessions for Sentul chickens and continue to raise them even if the livestock business is unsatisfactory.Despite not receiving the demanded equal incentive, most Sentul chicken farmers will continue to farm and preserve Sentul chicken.
The level of education, experience, land area and farming orientation is not influenced on the WTA value.This is due to the less varied answers to the questionnaires that have been made.The results were not varied because most of the breeders had secondary level education, with the majority having experience in farming for 4 years.In addition, almost all the land area owned is uniform, namely <350m2.The various orientations of raising livestock but accommodated by farmer groups make the farmers have an understanding about raising Sentul chickens.It is these factors that cause the WTA value to be insignificant.

Conclusions
The requested WTA value by Sentul chicken farmers is sufficiently high, with an average of IDR 178,974.36 per chicken per year, a total WTA value of IDR 191,220,000 per year, and a total incentive earned for farmers of IDR 4,903,077 per person per year.Income and pride significantly become influencing factors on WTA.Based on these results, efforts to conserve Sentul chickens can be realized using the incentives indicated by a high

Table 2 .
The total value of WTA

Table 3 .
Comparison value of WTA to production costs